Plc, Bcg Matrix, Product, Services Etc of Mahindra Scorpio

Customer Needs , Wants & Demands Needs are the basic human requirements. People need air, water, food, clothing and shelter to survive. People also have strong needs for recreation, education and entertainment. These needs become Wants when they are directed to specific objects that might satisfy the need. Wants are shaped by our society. Demands are wants for specific products backed by an ability to pay. Needs are of five types – ?Stated needs ?Real needs ?Unstated needs ?Delight needs ?Secret needs The SUV, â€Å"Mahindra Scorpio† comes under Real needs.Real need is a need where a customer wants a 4 wheeler whose operating cost , its initial price is low. A customer opts for a Mahindra Scorpio because †¢It has a combination of pulling capacity. †¢It is a safer vehicle because of its larger and heavier built and some people like a vehicle with broader seat arrangement with proper thy support. †¢It has a very good cargo capacity. †¢It's an All Terra in Vehicle made for rocky roads and smooth glass like roads for a comfortable journey. †¢It has very powerful CRDE Engine with a higher torque full on capacity to drag itself with ease when the throttle is fully pressed.SWOT Analysis of Mahindra Scorpio SWOT analysis stands for Strengths ,Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats . It’s a way of monitoring the external and internal marketing environment. The analysis is as follows- Strengths Analysis :- oIt has a very low maintenance cost with a gracefully tough masculine look . oIt has an extremely smooth performance in the rural, hilly, city and highway roads. oHas a well designed seating arrangement. oExcellent performance in case of covering long distance. oA very well impressed loyal brand positioning with good numbers of service centers.Weakness Analysis:- oIt has a very limited International market. oThere are no airbags for protection Opportunities Analysis:- oHard work of the R department to innovate some new attrac tive featured models. oIncreasing the purchasing power and attraction towards heavy cars of common people. oMaking the models more fuel efficient models and try to introduce CNG models. Threat Analysis:- oIncreasing competition with global players. oIncreasing fuel prices. Porter's Generic Strategy Of Mahindra ScorpioFive forces model of Porter's generic strategy of Mahindra Scorpio is as follows – Threat From Buyers – Mahindra Scorpio is a low and favorable SUV available in the market as in comparison with other car manufacturing companies. Threat From Suppliers – Mahindra is in collaboration with some leading foreign car parts company for delivery of the car parts. Threat From Competitors – There are competitors of Mahindra Scorpio in the market but no one has a SUV at this price range of Mahindra. Threat From New Entrants – There is a threat from the new entrants as Government has approved FDI , so foreign players may come .Threat From Substitut es – The main substitute of Mahindra Scorpio are the low range luxury cars. BCG Matrix in terms of Mahindra Scorpio Here in the BCG matrix the product which has a low market growth rate with low market share showed as Dog , the product which has a low market growth rate with high market share showed as Cash Cow , the product which has a high market growth rate with low market share showed as Question Mark , the product which has a high market growth rate with high market share showed as Dog . The Mahindra Scorpio comes under Star. The Value Delivery Chain In Respect of Mahindra ScorpioA value chain is a chain of activities. Products pass through all the activities of the chain in order and at each activity the product gains some value . As the picture shows above first the firm infrastructure is developed. Mahindra and Mahindra was already a giant automobile house when they launched Scorpio. Mahindra Scorpio is being developed at its Nashik plant. The primary value chain acti vities which are used in Mahindra Scorpio are: Inbound Logistics i. e the receiving and warehousing of raw materials and their distribution to manufacturing. Mahindra’s inputs primarily comprise raw materials and purchased components.Now it's time for assembling the raw material which is called as Operations , makes a car complete. In the next section that is in Outbound Logistics section the car is delivered to the various dealers located across India as their requirement. Now comes the most important part Marketing and Sales portion for which Mahindra has a qualified team and at last it's time for the after sales services. In maximum urban areas of India Mahindra has a service center. Customer Value & Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is the perception of the customer which comes after using the product .When the customer uses the product he compares between the products actual performance and the assurance provided by the company during the purchase. In case of Mahindra S corpio, they give the actual stated features and specifications to the customers along with a very good after sales service. It makes people delightful and influensive to purchase Scorpio. Marketing Plan Of Mahindra Scorpio Mahindra being a Indian company always kept in mind the price along with fuel efficiency . Now they targeted the urban areas along with hilly roads and promoted for that with the help of the brand name Mahindra.The distribution network of Mahindra was too much strong with distributors available across India and service centers followed by it. The car first launched in the metro cities and then entered in the smaller cities as per the awareness and promotion goes on. The Marketing Environmment Of Mahindra Scorpio Marketing environment consists of the two parts one is internal environment and another is external environment. Micro Environment :- The micro environment consists of the attributes such as – †¢The company that includes all the departments, à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Suppliers, Marketing intermediaries, †¢Customer markets, †¢Competitors †¢Publics Macro Environment:- The Macro environment consistes of †¢Demographic, †¢Cultural forces, †¢Economics, †¢Natural, †¢Technological, †¢Political, The micro environment is the environment which is related to the company's internal matters as the company. Here if we check Mahindra Scorpio we can see that it has strong company profile along with that a well design supply chain and suppliers from all around . Along with this company profile the mahindra still has its compititors in the market such as Toyota , Honda who also has SUV.And now the attribute is Publics or the customers who actually buy the car and uses it. The Macro environment is the external environment . Here we can see that the Demographic stands for the classification in terms of age and income . The Scorpio is mainly used by middle aged persons with a higher income than middle income group. Now the cultural forces which actually not affects Scorpio. Scorpio overcame the Natural obstacles and launched a product which is as preffered as on the hilly roads also preffered in the noraml highways for a long drive. Market ResearchMarket research often refers to either primary or secondary research. Secondary research involves a company using information compiled from various sources, which is about a new or existing product. Primary market research involves qualitative research as well as field tests or observations conducted for or tailored specifically to that product. Primary research, which is also called field research or original research, is useful for findings new information and getting customer’s views on products. now as we defined in earlier we did it in terms of Scorpio .Having defined the competitive framework, the next task undertaken was that of analyzing the consumer. Consumer segments of B and C category car buyers were analyzed in terms of their expe ctations from a car, their perceptions about cars and their relationship. Proprietary techniques of research, of the advertising agency Interface Communication, like Mind &Mood, ICON and VIP were used to understand this consumer. Segmentation , Targeting & positioning Segmentation :-A market segment consists of a group of customers who share a similar set of needs and wants.There are four different dimensions used to describe a product’s market segmentation. These four things are ? Demographic ?Behavioral ?Psychographic ?Geographic The Demographic segmentation includes ?Adults ?Male & Female ?Mostly middle aged people ?Mostly higher income group Behavioral segmentation is the most powerful approach because it uses ? Actual consumer behavior ?Product usage to make distinctions among market segments. Behavioral segmentation consists of some decision role attributes like Initiator ,Influencer, Decider, Buyer & User . Initiator buys it in his own decision.Influencer influences pe ople to buy the product such as a person using Mahindra Scorpio will influence other people to their near and dear ones to buy it. The decider here could be someone who is the head of the family and decides for his family to buy it. Behavioral Variable consists of Occasions , Benefits , User Status , Usage Rate , Buyer – Readiness , Loyalty Status , Attitude . Mahindra Scorpio is a car which can be used in all the occasions from family programs to daily life. A user uses it very frequently. In Geographic Segmentation we can say that it is good on the hilly roads as well as on the highways for a long drive.For the Psychographic segmentation the higher class is commonly purchased among people who have a family, since it’s a SUV. Reasons for its use are ? Safety ?By being a SUV it gives you a certain status among society. By being a SUV it gives you a certain status among society. Targeting M&M strategized to target a wider target audience, beyond UV customers – C class and B class, but would cut across rural and urban customers. It wanted to avoid the taxi trap that Indica and Qualis had fallen to it and did not offer color of white. Targeting was for those who wanted a lifestyle product that assured style, performance and ruggedness.The ruggedness appeal came from the parent brand itself. Class was more of the growing upper middle class. Positioning M&M built an innovative positioning around the theme of an SUV with a `car plus' package. The positioning communicated that the vehicle was better than competition in terms of any of these cars and is a better buy in terms of money. The commercials intentionally used foreign models to give an international look and feel to the product, there was a deliberate emphasis on the aspirational and world-class orientation of the Scorpio.It adopted a bold â€Å"car plus’ approach that because it was a totally new frame of reference that was being created. The primary focus was on the lifestyle â €“ a carefree, successful and bold attitude depicted by cruising on international highways. Mahindra purposely wanted to break way from its brand of ruggedness. The ‘nothing else will do’ was another play on the excellence that was attempting to be pushed. Advertising was strongly reinforced with below the line marketing – sponsoring events and strong test drive marketing.

Profile Of An Adult Numeracy Learner

PA is attending an adult numeracy class because he was sent by his employer. His employer completed his Level 2 National Test last year and is now insisting that all his employees follow suit. Non-completion will result in no promotion and no annual pay rise Initial assessment The key implications here are that PA is currently working at Entry Level 3 in most numeric areas. He should be able to increase his ability level and undertake Level 1 without too many problems. However he needs to achieve Level 2 in order to gain his pay rise and promotion so this will put him under a lot of preasure and additional stress. According to Tennant (1988), PA, as a 36 year old, is in his midlife transitional period and will be â€Å"Adopting a changing time perspective and revising career plans†; this can be substantiated as PA is attending a numeracy course because of changes that are taking place at work. His employer has stated that the course must be completed and the Level 2 National Test must be passed or PA will not receive a promotion or his annual pay rise. This is an unusual situation, as according to Charnley & Jones (1987), â€Å"Getting a pay rise as a direct result of tuition is extremely rare†. Patterns of adult learning reflect class divisions in society and the different expectations and perceptions resulting from those divisions. Factors such as social class, gender and race impact on decisions to learn, as each is associated with particular cultural pressures and norms. According to Maslow (1973) once physiological needs have been met safety or security becomes predominant. In other words, there is a need for self-preservation and a common concern for the future e. g. , will we be able to maintain our property and our job in order to provide shelter and food tomorrow and the next day? It is likely that this is the stage PA is at particularly as he knows that if he does not pass the relevant exams he will not get a pay rise or promotion. Peer and reference group influences can also be extremely strong (Evans, 2000). People who are habitual learners tend to belong to groups where education is seen as a normal activity. They also tend to be involved in other forms of social participation. Non-learners belong to groups for whom engaging in learning is not part of normal behaviour – this is certainly true of PA who would not have engaged initially in numeracy earning through his own choice, and who, until recently would not engage in any social activity e. g. attending a school fund raising evening. Among male manual workers, for example, there is a strong culture of group conformity and solidarity. To engage in education that is not immediately job-related is seen as what women or children do and is, therefore, not a masculine activity (McGivney, 1996). Social class continues to be the key discriminator in understanding participation in learning. Over half of all upper and middle class (AB) respondents are current or recent learners, compared with one-third of the skilled working class (C2) and one quarter of unskilled working class people and people on limited incomes (Gallup Survey 1996). However, what and how much is learned can be influenced by the learner's motivation (NIACE, 1997) and, from my own experiences within the post-compulsory education sector, I would have to agree with this. However, motivation to learn could be, in turn, influenced by an individual's emotional states, beliefs, interests and goals, and habits of thinking. PA's current, positive, beliefs about himself as a learner and the nature of learning appear to have had a marked influence on his motivation. It could be said that the rich internal world of thoughts, beliefs, goals, and expectations for success or failure may enhance or interfere with the learner's quality of thinking and information processing. Motivational and emotional factors may also influence both the quality of his thinking and information processing as well as his individual motivation to learn. Positive emotions, such as curiosity, generally enhance motivation and facilitate learning and performance. Mild anxiety can also enhance learning and performance by focusing the learner's attention on a particular task. However, intense negative emotions (e. g. , anxiety, panic, rage, insecurity) and related thoughts (e. g. , worrying about competence, ruminating about failure, fearing punishment, ridicule, or stigmatising labels) generally detract from motivation, interfere with learning, and contribute to low performance (Evans, 2000). This could be seen during PA's recent Numeracy Level 1 National Test when he experienced mild anxiety, but was extremely motivated and positive about the experience and his ability – and he passed first time! Motivation is, therefore, not a simple issue, since individual motives and action are strongly affected by where people are located (socially, culturally and spatially) and the constraints or incentives that operate on their choices (NIACE). PA blames his current lack of knowledge and qualifications in numeracy on his underachievement at school. If we look more closely it becomes apparent that, because of his age, PA would have been attending school during the 1970's and 1980's. It was during this time that the early underachievement of boys first became evident, as large scale studies of children's achievements at Primary school pointed to the fact that girls consistently out-performed boys (Myers, 2000). Therefore there was a shift away from public concern about girls' achievement to boys' achievement, or underachievement, at school in exams. The concern about ‘boys' underachievement' has been characterised in educational policy initiatives at national, local and school levels, most significantly in the imposition of the national literacy and numeracy strategy (Barrs and Pidgeon 1998). However, overall improvements in achievement are often ignored and gender differences are ascribed to the detrimental effects of ‘the feminisation of teaching' (Epstein et al, 1998). The concern for boys' underachievement was highlighted by Murphy and Elwood (1998) who argued that improvement in female achievement is not shared by girls from low socio-economic backgrounds and may not be apparent in some subjects. Similarly, Epstein et al (1998) questioned the global application of the category of boys' underachievement' by asking, ‘†¦ hich boys? At what stages of education? †¦ according to what criteria? ‘ We could say that by definition, gender roles are the social norms that dictate what is socially appropriate male and female behaviour (Tobias, 1997), and are part of the socialisation process of human beings. These roles are also influenced by each individual's cultural and economic background (Tobias, 1997). It could be said that gender roles influence women and men in virtually every area of life, including family and occupation. This is certainly true for PA, who feels that it is his duty to provide for his family and to have the greater earning capacity regardless of his lack of formal qualifications. Everyone recognises that there are significant differences between male and female, even if they are only physical. However, others see not only the physical but also the social, emotional and intellectual differences. In addition there is belief that, by the age of sixteen, females have matured more than boys by up to as much as two years (Skelton, 2001). This could mean that girls have an advantage by viewing exams in a far more responsible way and recognising the seriousness and importance of the academic and career choices in the future. PA agrees with this as he did not take his schooling seriously and, quite possibly due to the fact that PA knew he was underachieving and he was unmotivated, he left school at 16 with no formal qualifications. He has only recently started to regret his actions. The figures from the 1996 Gallup survey could also be used to illustrate this as more adult men (25%) are currently learning compare to adult women (21%). Now that he is within the adult education sector, PA appears to see learning numeracy as a process of liberation. This may be because PA now feels that the educational process is not static and that his learning is a cultural action for freedom. It no longer involves one person teaching another, but rather people working with each other to ensure each individual reaches their potential. This was also the understanding of Bruner (1973), who suggested that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas based upon their current / past knowledge. Adult learners also appear to be more receptive to learning if there is a context to the learning. Teaching adults numerical skills which ‘transfer' means exposing â€Å"students to different contexts which have the same mathematical content† (Rees and Barr, 1984) e. g. electrical work, decorating, shopping or linked to employment. This is certainly true for PA who works better, and appears to have a deeper understanding, when he can see there is a relevance and context to what he is learning. According to Bruner (1973), the teacher and student should engage in active dialogue and the task of the teacher is to translate information to be learned into a format appropriate to the learners' current state of understanding. During numeracy there are so many ways of doing and explaining one thing, one example would be the various descriptions used for the actions of ‘add' and ‘subtract', another example would be the various methods of teaching long multiplication. In addition, Bruner (1973) stated that the curriculum should be organised in a spiral manner, so that the student continually builds upon what they have already learned, â€Å"The concept of prime numbers appears to be more readily grasped when the learner, through construction, discovers certain handfuls of beans cannot be laid out in completed rows and columns† (Bruner, 1973). When working with PA, as for all my learners, I ensure that I question his current method and understanding of each numeric topic before I go into the topic in depth. This way I am constantly building on his current knowledge and understanding. A high percentage of the learners at Rochford Adult Community College are White British and PA falls into this group, ‘Rochford has one of the lowest ethnic minority populations, well below half of the national average' (Rochford District Council, 2005). However, according to the Home Office's Commission for Racial Equality, 2002, the United Kingdom is a changing society and these socio-economic changes are reflected in our growing cultural and ethnic diversity. These changes bring many gains, but sometimes there are tensions and divisions that may lead to fracturing within, and across, local areas and communities. However, whatever the nature of community divisions, the basis of the solution is often the same; community cohesion. The Home Office's Commission for Racial Equality, 2002, suggests that community cohesion may be achieved by raising awareness and understanding and developing shared values with mutual trust and respect. The Home Office describes a cohesive community as one where there is common vision, a sense of belonging, where diversity is valued and where there are similar life opportunities with â€Å"†¦ strong and positive relationships being developed between people from different backgrounds†¦ in colleges and in schools†¦ † (www. homeoffice. gov. uk, 2003). This is also the ethos of Essex County Council and consequently Castle Point and Rochford Adult Community College (www. essexcc. gov. uk, 2005).

Free Trade agreement Essay

There are many advantages and isadvantages of the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and America, yet Canada is not getting much of a good deal, only in certain ways are Canadians at an advantage. Some advantages are: an increase in production, and better U. S-Canada relations. Some of the disadvantages are: diminished population growth, loss of Jobs, diminished sovereignty, and workers facing concessions on wages, working conditions, and living standards. To begin, an advantage to the FTA is an increase of production. Canadian businesses would increase production to keep up with American producers, so as not to be bought out. With more investment in Canadian businesses due to elimination of tariffs, Canadian industry will grow and expand, increasing production and efficiency (Bain Pg. 376). Another reason why the Free Trade Agreement is an advantage to Canada is that it helps relations between Canada and the U. S, because the two nations have not always seen eye to eye, they now have something to connect them. The FTA helps the two countries get on each other’s good side due to help from one another in business and trade. To sum it up, there are not very many reasons why the Free Trade Agreement is an advantage, but there are some. There are many reasons why the FTA is a disadvantage. Firstly, the population of Canada isn’t increasing like it should; because of the FTA our workers are going to America to get Jobs because America can offer more money to their workers because they have the money to do it, whereas Canadian businesses are lowering wages to make more money to try to keep up with the American production. Canadian workers follow the raw materials to America â€Å"The land of opportunity’ to get more money. Everyone leaves to America making our population not increase because if they stay here, the workers may not earn good oney, so they cannot spend it, so goods do not get produced. â€Å"The result: a downward economic spiral†(Finn Pg. 10). Another reason the FTA is a disadvantage is increased unemployment. Many American companies that have branch plants operating in Canada will become redundant and be shut down. These branch plants were established in Canada to provide shelter behind the tariff wall. Tariffs were not added to selling price of their products because they were behind the tariff wall. Under the FTA, there are no tariffs, so the branch becomes unnecessary, and the customers can be supplied equally well if not better and cheaply from one plant in he U. S. The closing of these branch plants results in many Canadian Jobs disappearing (Conklin Pg. 28). Also, many businesses that are owned completely by America, where there is a bigger market and more opportunity for growth, and there are no taxes to sell products to Canada from the U. S under the FTA. The moving and shutting down of these factories and plants creates more unemployment and less Job opportunities (Bowker Pg. 32). Many Canadians considering starting a business in Canada may be lured to America to start their business, because with the removal of ariffs, these companies can supply Canadian customers Just as easily from America while being nearer the larger American markets with the advantage of lower operating costs. This idea of starting businesses in the U. S instead of Canada, takes away Jobs from Canadian workers before even giving them a chance. Another reason for the FTA to be a disadvantage is Canada as a nation losing its sovereignty and independence. Ownership and control of Canadian industry and resources will gravitate towards the United-States under the Free Trade Agreement. Decision making for these industries will be transferred to the boardrooms in America. Economic power’s movement is usually followed by political power, so it is probable that Canada could face the eventual loss of political independence. Lastly, an example of the disadvantages of the FTA is Canadian workers facing concessions on wages, working conditions, and living standards (Conklin Pg. 30). Canada’s extensive social benefit programs like, health care system, unemployment insurance benefits, and family allowance, which do not exist on the same scale in the U. S, are vulnerable to attack as â€Å"unfair subsidies† to be reduced or eliminated. Which in turn would ncrease the cost of living for Canadians affected by the changes. Money would be needed to help pay for businesses without help, which could lower workers wages and have many workers losing their Jobs. The Americans are basically trying to assimilate the Canadians and take away their distinction and independence. So in summation, the FTA is not very advantageous because of Job loss, minimal population growth, disappearing sovereignty and worker concessions. Therefore, the disadvantages of the Free Trade Agreement outweigh those of the advantages, so Canada is not getting a very good deal.

In what ways can Hyundai increase profitability in the UK car market Essay

In what ways can Hyundai increase profitability in the UK car market - Essay Example Eventually, the researcher will conduct a literature review as a way of examining whether or not mergers and acquisitions contribute to the increase in Hyundai’s profitability in the UK car market despite the tight global competition. Also, the researcher will discuss the importance of organizational restructuring in Hyundai Motor right after its merger with Kia Motor and Asia Motor. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will discuss the practical and ethical issues behind the success of Hyundai Motor Company. The fact that a total of ten automobile manufacturers are competing in the global market makes it even more difficult for any car manufacturer to implement a proper management in handling the company’s resources. Considering that Hyundai is a Korean-based company, issues related to the cultural differences in handling the business should be carefully studies. Aside from proper management and product strategy, the protection law on labor management should be considered in order to avoid operational damages caused by organizational conflicts with the labor unions. Merger – combination of two or more business entities into one via purchase acquisition or a pooling of interests (InvestorWords, 2008); A corporate law on joinging togather of two corporations wherein one corporation transfers all of its In line with globalization, Hyundai Motor won the acquisition contract with Kia Motors via public bidding. Prior to signing a contract with the Korean Development Bank, Hyundai Motor took over Kia group in November 1998. (Lee and Cho, 2008) In the process, Hyundai had to pay a total of 1.18 trillion won for the 51% shares of both Kia Motor as well as the Asia Motor. In general, a company is able to expand its business operations either through acquisitions or merger. The short-term effect of the merger and

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Photo - Essay Example clean, sparkling waters that perfectly magnify and reflect the images that are visually seen: the large brightly lit observation wheel, the skyscrapers equally lighted, and the distant array of high-rise buildings that brighten the deep blue skies. As one views these waterfronts, one could just marvel at the serenity of the waters amidst the busy commercial sector that is displayed beyond it. Visitors are enticed by the cleanliness and serenity of the waters, both in Tokyo and in Singapore, despite being located beside highly industrialized cities. One could also note that there were no evident traces of smog or air pollution from the photos, reflecting the ability of the cities to maintain the pristine condition of their surroundings, and their abilities to preserve and conserve the natural resources. At the time these photos were taken, it is evident that the time frame could be potentially similar – nearly approaching nighttime but the blue skies proved that it is night has not appropriately arrived. The greater numbers of bright lights from the photo of the waterfronts of Singapore prove that this was taken at a closer time frame to nighttime than that of the Tokyo

CS Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CS Analysis - Essay Example To date, Channel 4 is increasingly challenged to come up with even more effective decision making strategies directed towards effective branding, cross media development, on-going operational matters, diversification as well as channel strategy. However, Channel 4 is favored by high level of investment in the making go programs and it is characterized by high diversification levels. British television is characterized by multiple forces, goals and programming approaches and is keener in absorption rather than redirection as a response to new and ever increasing market demands (Catterall 15). Channel 4 caters for specialist and minority groups totaling to approximately 10% to 20% of British viewers. Stiff competition has been the major factor that has pushed changes in the British television industry since the early 1980's, due to a multi-channeled system. Competition has had a major impact on the direction of Channel 4 in key performance areas.

Crime Causation and Diversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Causation and Diversion - Essay Example Younger people are more inclined to take part in violence and this can lead to criminal activity. Violent behavior can lead to dangerous criminal activities in the society therefore state intervention is important in this regard. The Miami-Dade County Prevention Initiative is also designed by Miami’s Juvenile Services Department and it aims at helping the younger population who is going through family problems (Miami-Dade County Juvenile Services 1). The initiative also helps the youth of Miami who are at the risk of being arrested. The prevention program offers anger management, disruptive behavior, family issues and drug experimentation solutions to younger population. Violence Intervention Program Violence Intervention Program by the Miami Juvenile services department is an important step in order to restrict the violent streak of youth. Young people are more incline towards violence because they have defying nature. They want to go against everyone and are more probable to have an extreme approach towards life. There is a serious threat of violence from the youth and this can have a great impact on community peace. Such programs can help youth because they need a direction. Guidance is what they require and such programs offer them that. Young people who are violent are also more inclined to end up in juvenile prisons because violent behavior is a precursor of many crimes. Young people also resort to violence because they are at a stage in life where they are not aware of their aims and ambitions. This lack of direction allows them to tread on the path of violence where they are a threat to the society. Most juvenile crimes are as a result of violent behavior. Younger generation today is more open to movies and online games and this adds to their violent stream. There can be seen a surge of violence in the younger generation after popularity of video games and internet. Juvenile crimes are not done with some ill intention because young people are not mature enough to do that. Most juvenile crimes are a spur of moment thing and violent behavior plays a major role in those crimes. A simple argument in a public place can lead to a big fight among young members of the society just because one or both parties displayed violent behaviors towards each other. The program also aims at identifying causes of violent behavior in youth and then through intervention sessions systematically decrease that violent streak. Violence in youth can also be a product of the capitalistic system of the country where everyone is interested in getting the best deal. The focus is just on earning money and not on aesthetic values. Youth today will try to earn and spend more today instead of reading books or poetry. This is also a major reason of violent behavior of youth. Miami-Dade County Prevention Initiative This prevention initiative focuses on family issues that the youth face and tries to change the behavior patterns of young people. The program is a lso focusing on behavior difficulties that most youth face today. Family issues are increasing in today’s individualistic society and young members of the society are not equipped to handle such problems. They are not mature enough to understand family conflicts and complex issues. Therefore they react by taking out their frustration on the society. Family problems can definitely change the behavior of youth as they can become angry and can resolve to drug experimentation. For adolescents family

Crisis Management --- Burger King's Horse Meat Scandal Essay

Crisis Management --- Burger King's Horse Meat Scandal - Essay Example The slogan of burger king is famous too, as it says â€Å"have it your way†. Burger king has been ranked 7th in brand awareness from all the companies of the world. 90% of the restaurants of burger king are owned and they are being operated by families who have been in this business for decades. This has helped burger king to grow; they have been successful in increasing their growth by maximizing their capital expenditure. One of the major weaknesses of burger is the lack of advertising. Burger king does not advertise its product like its competitors do, especially Mc Donald. This factor serves as a drawback for the company. Burger King although operates worldwide but majority of its restaurants are in United States (65%). This concentration of the company in a single geographical region gives rise to many undesirable factors which may affect the sales of Burger king e.g. inflation, strikes of labors, etc. The company needs to advertise its product as hygienic as well as halal. After the recent â€Å"horse meat scandal† (Phyllis M Daugherty, 2013) the company needs to advertise that the beef they are using has not originated from horse but it is from hygienic and acceptable source. Burger king is looking forward to overhaul its menu with new items such as â€Å"Seattle best coffee from Star buck†, â€Å"tender crisp premium chicken burger†. This will definitely help the company to increase its sales, generate profit and increase its market share. Burger king must start home delivery of their product. This would help in gaining customer satisfaction as the customer must be please to have their favorite fast food whenever they desire, by just dialing a number. The recent â€Å"Horse meat scandal† has damaged the goodwill of burger kill as the customers have started questioning that the products they are eating is from acceptable source or not (Phyllis M Daugherty, 2013). This has decreased the sales of burger king and has caused a bad name for the

Human Resource Management and Personnel Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management and Personnel Management Essay Introduction 1. This report discusses the historical development of Human Resource Management (HRM), identifies the role and purposes of HRM, and also to distinguish between personnel management and HRM. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) defines personnel management as the part of management concerned with people at work and with their relationships within an enterprise. It aims to bring together, and develop into an effective organisation, the people within an business, having regard for the welfare of the individual and of working groups, to enable them to make their best contribution to its success. HRM may be defined as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organisations most valued assets: the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives for sustainable competitive advantage. The Nature and Development of Personnel management 2. HRM obtained acknowledgment in the late 1970s in the USA, as a label for the way companies such as IBM were managing their people. These companies applied the principles outlined by David Guest (1989) to gain a competitive edge over their competitors. These four principles are listed below. a) Strategic integration -the ability of organisations to integrate HRM issues into their strategic plans, to ensure that the various aspects of HRM cohere and for line managers to incorporate a HRM perspective into their decision making. b) High commitment people must be managed in a way that ensures both their genuine behavioural commitment to pursuing the goals of the organisation and their attitudinal commitment, reflected in strong identification with the organisation. c) Flexibility HRM policies must be structured to allow maximum flexibility for the organisation, so it can respond to ever changing business needs: for example, by encouraging functional versatility in employees and by creating an adaptable organisational structure with the capacity to manage innovation. d) High Quality The notion of quality must run through everything the organisation does, including the management of employees and investment in high-quality employees, which in turn will bear directly on the quality of the goods and services provided. Personnel management can be traced back to second half of the nineteenth century when Victorian workers were hit hard by the industrialisation, and urbanisation of Britain. Companies such as Cadbury and Rowntree, initiated programmes for their employees managed on their behalf by industrial welfare workers, the philosophy behind these people was that in the welfare tradition, the work and responsibilities of the personnel officer was directed to the employees, rather than to the strategic concerns of the organisation and its management. The programmes included facilities such as company housing, health care, education for workers families and so on. The motivation for these measures included, that they reflected a wider social reform, led by political and religious groups. In the USA groups like Quakers were abolishing slavery, and striving to increase business performance by the moral and social enhancement of their employees. Moreover, as more motivation to convert to these programmes, improved health and education for the workers and their families meant that these employers would have a better reputation with employees and consumers, employees would be more committed and motivated, also there would always be great demand for a job within the company. This can be linked to Maslows theory on the hierarchy of needs, in which he states that workers are motivated by five different needs. Physiological- pay, holidays (lower order need) Safety Health and safety measures, pensions (lower order need) Social formal and informal groups, social events (lower order need) Self-esteem power, promotion (higher order need) Self-actualisation challenging work, developing new skills (higher order need) These programmes and jobs would provide something for each of the lower order needs, therefore increasing motivation throughout the workforce. Furthermore, consumers would feel morally better as they were buying products that were helping the working classes. This could be considered very similar to the ideas linked with the popularity of fair trade products in modern day society. The demise of the working class was outlined at this time when the British government had problems recruiting troops for the Crimean and Boer wars, as many people failed the medical, and the health of the nations labourers was brought into the limelight. The need for negotiation, conflict resolution and the management of relationships between labour and management occurred in 1871 with the legislation of trade unions. This was recognised politically, with formation of the aptly named Labour Representation Committee in 1900, which was renamed in 1906 as the Labour party, which was largely funded by the trade union development. In 1911, the National Insurance Scheme created the first welfare provisions for workers in the result of illness, or unemployment. The establishment of the Ministry of Labour to address wider issues and representations quickly followed this in 1916. In the 1930s and 40s management theorists changed attributes of their theories, as scientific management which was in current use came under scrutiny for dehumanising employees. This is when the HRM approach began to appear, being backed by Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor who shifted their attention to the higher order needs, as shown above on Maslows hierarchy of needs. The new key to motivation of the workforce involved job satisfaction, which it was then believed, could not be achieved just from maintenance factors like pay and working conditions. The governments influence on industrial relations, and the workforces continued until the mid 1970s in conjunction with social reforms in health and education. After this time the UK government did not interfere in collaborated relationships between the employer and employee, with the exception of trade union reform. In spite of that the latter half of the twentieth century saw extreme legislation in all sectors of employment. It was during this era that the industrial relations tradition suggests that the work and the responsibility of the personnel officer was to mediate and even arbitrate between the sides in industrial disputes, to facilitate collective bargaining, negotiation and compliance with the current industrial relations laws. As a response to the escalating speed of organisational expansion and alterations, the control of labour tradition suggests that the work and responsibility of the personnel officer is to support management by regulating the range of workplace activity. This includes job allocation, performance, absenteeism, pay, communication, training, and so on. The CIPD have endeavoured to establish personnel management as a career, by providing a programme of learning resulting in a qualification. However, many personnel managers do not posses this qualification and this is rarely seen as an obstruction within the career. It is safe to say that all personnel managers will use remnants of the welfare, industrial, and the control of labour traditions to become part of the professional tradition that is occurring today. The Role and Tasks of the Personnel Function 3. Personnel specialists can take various roles like line mangers, advisors, service providers, auditors, Co-ordinators and planners and in todays modern world of rapidly developing technology, ethics, and growing organisations in any business there is need for specialist advice on personnel matters, whether it is internal or external. This is because the practise of personnel management needs to be consistent, impartial, proficient and on course with organisational goals, as there are constant developments in this field that require expertise in the area of personnel management. The need for this specialist has several contributing factors including the need to comply with changing regulation and legislation, for example the personnel specialist may be used to recruit staff to avoid sex or racial discrimination. Constant changes within the labour market have also meant that policies need to be designed by someone with current knowledge on the matter. Moreover, trade unions, industrial tribunals, and the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) have a continuous role in employee relations; therefore having some one who is familiar with the legislation amongst other things that is used would be very useful. However, since there the existing role of the personnel manager is so diverse there are different models derived by different theorists. A popular model is that suggested by Tyson and Fell (1986). The three roles that they suggest are: * The clerk of works model all authority for actions is with line managers. Personnel policies are formed after the actions that created the need. Policies are not integral and are short term and ad hoc. Personnel activities are routine and involve day-to-day administration. * The contracts manager model Policies are established, often implicit, with heavy industrial relations emphasis. The personnel department will use fairly sophisticated systems especially with regard to employee relations. The personnel manager is likely to be a professional or experienced in industrial relations. They should take on the role of policing the implementation of policies, but does not create them. * The architect model Explicit corporate personnel policies exist as part of the corporate strategy. HR planning and development are important concepts. The head of the function is likely to be on the Board of Directors, and is therefore seen as a professional, making an important contribution to the business. Policies are often formed to assist in the personnel function to make sure that people are treated equally, and that laws and regulations are met. These can include equal opportunities, disciplinary policies, and safety policies. The policies are based upon legislation put in place by the Government and the EU in certain areas like safety. The values and philosophies of the business about how the employees should be treated and what kind of behaviour will enable them to work most effectively on the organisations behalf. The needs and wants of employees, and the organisations need to attract and retain the kind of employees it wants by its reputation of practice as an employer. The Shift in Approach Which Has Led to the Term HRM 4. Throughout history the social change has been reflected in personnel management, and which also changes in conjunction with the social needs. This is shown by the implementation of legislation and rules, to stop discrimination and aid safety measures, as the social climate becomes more morally aware of the workforce. In the late nineteenth century it would not have been unheard of for people to die at work, even into the twentieth century there were still accident that occur to labourers working in primary industries, but this became more shocking, as with the development of technology it was publicised by the media and made safer by improvements, as a company realised that its image was very important. A political and economic change is also evident through out history, for example in the 1970s when the government would no longer interfere with some matters between employer and employee relations, this is because it was realised that full employment was not as important as controlling inflation and other economic factors. Also HRM has become common through out the business world and is thoroughly integrated into the organisational structure of a business. This is because it has been found that companies use this approach in different strengths to achieve a competitive edge over their rivals. Today companies like Marks Spencer, McDonalds, and even public sector businesses like British Gas are using various strengths of HRM. Recommendations 5. To draw conclusion, it is my recommendation that Phoenix Tannoy Ltd. consider establishing a HR department as it is shown in history that the use of HRM does give a competitive edge over rivals, by motivating employees. The reality is that by moving to a HR department Phoenix Tannoy will motivate its workforce by implementing policies and procedures that benefit all the staff. Motivated staff are then more committed to the organisation, and motivated into doing the best they can to help the business achieve its goals. Moreover, a HR department would remove the depersonalised face of the personnel department and make the company less bureaucratic.

History of Modernist Art Movement

History of Modernist Art Movement During a defining moment in history, there can be an event that can arrive that can aim at a mechanism of change. In art history, this mechanism of change is the object of art or particular artists with the intention of marking the beginning of a new period of creative practice. The western world experienced a changing period of revolution in thought, technology, and society as the older ways collapsed and paved the way for modernism. At the head of social and cultural movement, influencing and reflecting these changes were Artists exploring elements of their craft and personal expression as never before. It is understood that modern artists are those who experimented with new ways of seeing, expressing new ideas and methods (Cianelli, 2009). As a result, there were many distinct styles that emerged, each arising from a different part of the changing world, and each reflecting the idea of Modernism in its own way. According to Justin Andrews (2009), modernism describes the style and theory of art that emerged from the late 1800s lasting into the mid-20th century. Modernism describes a series of reforming cultural movements in art and architecture, music, literature and the applied arts. During this time, there was a strand of thinking that began to assert that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge because of current techniques. Many of the art and the writings intend to depict emotions and happenings at that particular time. Modernism proposes new forms of art since these are more appropriate to the present time. The people during this modernist time wanted to impact history and how issues were viewed then. The Modernist point of view argues that people should adapt to change and accept the views of the 20th century which is forever progressing. These groups that wanted to be heard formed what was called the avant- garde literary group. Avant-garde is the breaking away of something to begin the application of something new. Change and revolt, the very meaning of avant garde, became the measure of progress in Modern art. It provided a focus and a purpose for art (Parks, 1989, p.11). Consequently, a series of writers, thinkers, and artists made the break with traditional means of organizing literature, painting, and music. Modernism rooted in the idea that the traditional forms of art had become outdated, and that it was therefore essential to move it aside and embrace and accept change. Modernism rejected tradition and proposed a return to the fundamentals of art that allows artists to experiment with colour and form along with a freedom of expression. Modernism weakens all prior theories regarding the existence of objective reality and the use of reason as a suggestion to gain it. Modernisms extreme focal point on subjectivity led to a contemplative age in art, literature, philosophy, and systematic study. Modernism supports the reassessment of every piece of reality. Because art was constantly rejecting the past and replacing it with new and innovative ideas, standards for judging quality had no benchmark. Therefore, formalism became the measure of quality; a work was judged not for its relevance to external concerns, but based on aesthetic coherence within the work itself (Parks, 1989, p.11). Formalism in art is appreciated for the forms of its components such as the way it is made and the visual aspects. Formalism basically emphasizes elements such as color, line, shape and texture (Lotito, 2002). Modern artists started intentionally drawing viewers attention to the shape of a paintings support (canvas) and the properties of the paintings forms. Thus the paintings flatness became an integral component in the viewers experience of the artwork. According to Justin Wolf (2010), Clement Greenberg argues that the single most important element in Modern painting is its flatness. While Gre enberg focused on the depicted flatness, the artist balances forms of color and line to create a painterly value that appears utterly flat. Paintings are flat by the nature of the canvas. Since flatness was the only circumstance painting shared with no other art, Modernist painting adjusted itself to flatness as it did to nothing else. Modernism changed from the way the classical or traditional artists view nature, the environment, plus social norms and structures. Artists embraced their newfound freedom of expression, experimentation, and discrimination. According to Jade Wildy (2010), modernism saw more experimentation with colours, vibrant with warm colours that let artists concentrate on tone and structure of the artwork, as a result the structure of art changed significantly. Artists tried to break down the communitys view of art, analyzing theories of color and composition and frequently presenting these explorations on canvas. Artists tried to show the strengths of the human condition, uniting with unlimited human needs. Therefore, Modern Era artists increases the materials they use to create their pieces, resorting to approaches such as collage and even setting aside objects as art solely because of their being chosen by an artist. In addition, the artists increase the materials they make use of to compile their pieces, going to procedures such as collage and also adopting objects as art only because of being selected by an artist. There were many distinct styles that emerged and reflect the idea of Modernism. One of the styles is the concept of expressionism. According to Architecture411.com (2006), modern expressionism is characterized as a creative style which the artist produces their artwork by combining illustrations or objects with emotions. This is accomplished by using both factual and theoretical emphasis on color, consistency, unclear subject matter, deformation, abnormal strength, exaggeration and changed surrounding imagery. During the Modernistic movement, artists disposed of the old rules of perspective, color, and composition to figure out their own visions. Edvard Munch, a Norwegian, expressionist artist, is a unique figure in the history of modern art that formed and express his inner vision when it came to art. Munch was reared by his father who was a military doctor. Munchs childhood was filled with dramatic and tragic losses, including the death of his mother when he was five followed by the death of his elder and closest sister when he was 15; both died from tuberculosis (Hà ¸ifà ¸dt, 2006). These tragedies impacted his emotional and intellectual development. Munch studied engineering at a young age but later turned to art. Between 1892 and 1908, Munch spent much of his time in Paris and Berlin, where he became known for his printsetchings, lithographs, and woodcuts. (Pioch, 2002). Munchs work of art was modernistic. Munch was essentially subjective, expressing his personal emotions through daring color, unconventional compositions and deeply symbolic content. Because of the tragedies that Munch had to endure explains the harshness and negativity of much of Munchs work. Munchs work was the only way that he could express the pain and loss that he had suffered. Munch was a true expressionist. His art was a major impact of the expressionist movement, where artists sought to result in emotional responses. Munch conducted experiments with various painting procedures, paints, colors, and canvas. He regularly made basic paintings with a strong use of color as a representation of feelings. Munchs painting, The Scream, was one of Munchs most famous oil on canvas paintings and is a vital part of modern art. Many think that it has collected so much interest because it illustrates not only the strength of modernism, equally as a belief and as an art movement, but trouble and indifference of the modern world. (Dranitsin, 2010). The Scream is considered as a depiction of existential pain and isolation. The Scream represents the apogee of anxiety, the souls final breaking point (Fineman, 2005). The painting is Munchs personal expression on living and handling depression. Munch recreated an image when he was younger that had grabbed him while walking with two friends on afternoon. In the painting, there is an illustration of an agonized, tortured figure that stares directly out at the viewer, hands pressed to ears, with mouth open in awe standing. There have been several interpretations to this painting. The use of color has been used to describe the mood of the subject as well as contribute to a sense of chaos and disorder, which helps to support the expression of the figure. The reddish tinted sky caused the intensity of the scene with the contoured body of water and landscape. In the painting, the figure appears as if screaming. It is unknown whether the figure seen something dramatic or if this is a release of inner emotions. But, the way the mouth was open in an oval shape scream displays pain. The figure in the image is covering the ears which suggest that its not the person who is screaming but maybe an inner, silent scream coming from anxieties in life that frighteningly is heard by the one figure, while the other people in painting may be unable to hear anything. In addition, the scream from the figure may suggest that they are releasing the torment and frustration life can bring on people and this may symbolize an in ner scream. In conclusion, modernism consists of the latest styles and attitudes, also new ideas and practices. Modernism can be seen as an overall open-minded style of thoughts, which make individuals progress and change the environment with the aid of scientific knowledge and most up-to-date technologies. The concept of formalism during the Modern Era deliberately calls attention to the natural flatness of the canvas in an artists work. Artists have exercised a uniquely modern trend, in which the viewer is not intended to appreciate the interpretation of anything, but the act of the painting itself. The many artistic styles and movements all reflect the idea of modernity by being of their own time, dealing with contemporary images or issues, and continuing to create new methods of expression through the varied use of art. Even though modernism had almost become an outdated form of expression, it did not die out, but instead made the way for Postmodernism which was in many respects, a revision of modernist ideas. Edvard Munchs, one of the most prolific, innovative and influential figures in modern art, captured the feeling of the moment instead of the sights in his famous work The Scream. The painting displayed a glimpse of what Munch was really like inside. The painting reflected the idea of modernism and expressionism in a way that it is known what and how the artist was feeling at the time, because it illustrates nothing but human emotion. Lastly, the painting created multiple meanings nevertheless conveys a universal emotion that is recognized and experienced by all.

Objectives Of File Management Systems Information Technology Essay

Objectives Of File Management Systems Information Technology Essay In linux everything is treated as a file. A user frequently interacts with files directly or indirectly. They need perform various operations such as create, edit, delete etc on the files. To perform these activities, operating systems provide file management systems. The services required by file management system are provided by operating system. File management system is a collection of software that provides services to application and users. It facilitates the communication between user application and files. This relieves user from developing the software for each application. Objectives of File Management systems: Guarantees data in the file is valid Optimizes performance in terms of throughput response time Provide I/O support for storage device type Provide I/O support for multiple users Meet user requirements for data operations [1] FILE System architecture: Figure 1: File System Architecture. [1] As depicted in the figure the device drivers interacts with the peripherals. The function of device driver is to start the I/O operation complete the request. These device drivers are considered as a part of operating system. Above the device drivers there which is also called as physical I/O. Main function of file system is to deal with the is basic file system data from disk systems place them on secondary storage. Also it manages buffering of these blocks on to the main memory. It doesnt care about data inside the file. The next level is Basic I/O supervisor. The function of this layer is I/O initiation termination. At this level control structures deals with file status, scheduling, I/O. The device on which file I/O is to be performed selected by I/O supervisor based on particular file selected. Logical I/O enables users application to accept records. The logical I/O module deals with file Records. Logical I/O maintains basic data about the files. Access system is the file system closest to the user. The main function is to provide interface between file system applications. File Management Functions: Figure 2: File Management Functions [1] Application programs Users interact with the file system to create and delete files and for performing operations on files. File system first identify and locate the selected file before performing any operation. Directories are used to describe location of all files their attributes. Most shared systems implements access control policies. Only authorized users can have access to particular files. The basic operations that a user or application may perform on a file are performed at the record level. The file is viewed by user as structure of records. Access methods are used to map user commands into specific file manipulation commands. I/O operation is done on block basis. The records are organized as a blocks of output. In order to perform the operation files must be allocated to free blocks on the secondary storage. Also free storage must be managed so as to know what blocks are available for new files and growth in existing files. File Organization: Several criteria affect the selection of file organization. Some of these factors can be listed as follows. The suitability depends on the application which will be using the file. Economy of Storage Short Access time Reliability Simple maintenance [1] Original file system: Physical disk in Linux is divided into logical disks. It is called as partitions. Each partition is treated as a standalone file system. Each device is assigned with major device number and the partitions are assigned with minor device number. The device driver refers to these numbers to access raw file system. Major number acts like a index to switch table minor number will recognize specific instance of device. [3] Physical location of file data block: Placing the data blocks in a contiguous manner will improve the performance but will lead to inefficiencies in allocating space. User may need to specify the file of size at the time of creation. Linux file system allocates block one at a time from pool of free blocks[3]. File blocks are scattered randomly on physical disk. Inodes: inode contains key information related to files required by the OS. A single inode may point to several file names but the active inode is associated only with one file. Inode stores attributes, permissions other control information related to the file. The information contained in the inode is  ¬Ã‚ le ownership indication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ File type à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ File access permissions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time of last access, and modi ¬Ã‚ cation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Number of links (aliases) to the  ¬Ã‚ le à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pointers to the data blocks for the  ¬Ã‚ le à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Size of the  ¬Ã‚ le in bytes (for regular  ¬Ã‚ les), major and minor device numbers for special Device [3] Figure 3: Inode structure [4] Inodes has pointers to data block. Each inodes contain 15 pointers. First 12 pointers will point directly to data blocks. 13th pointer will point to indirect data block.14th pointer points to doubly indirect data block. Similarly, 15th pointer will point to triply indirect block. Advantages: 1] Very little space wasted. A disk can be filled completely. 2] Indirect block points many data blocks so larger files can be efficiently accessed. 3] Simultaneous operations can be performed. One read operation fetches the inode another will fetch first data block. Disadvantages: 1] may lead to poor performance Directories: Directory provides information about file location, file ownership its attributes. A directory is itself a file which is accessible to file management routines. The Directory structure can be shown as below Figure 4: Linux Directory Structure [5] As shown in the figure linux organizes directories in hierarchical fashion. The root lies at the top of the tree and it is denoted by /.Every directory in the linux system is under root directory. The various directories under root directory are Boot : The information required for booting is stored in this directory. This may consist of files used by LILO, Bootstrap loader. This is the place for kernel image. etc: configuration files of machine installed software are stored here dev: device files for devices such as disk drives, serial ports are stored here. Usr : it consists of all man pages, games, commands, static files for normal operations. Sbin :It consists of system admin commands. Home: This is the place where user will keep his own files. It contains users home directory for each user on the system. Root: This is the home directory for root user. File sharing: To share files a special group is created for the set of users who intend to use that files. Directory is created with ownership of that group. The permissions are set such that all users within the group can create files. We can also set group ID so that all the files created in it will automatically have group ownership its parent directory has. Access control in linux: Terms related to ACL A] User class: There are mainly three user classes owner, owning group other users. To allow permission three bits read(r), write (w) and execute (x) can be set. B] Access ACL: It determines group user access permissions for file objects. C] Default ACL: These can be only applied to directories. It decides permissions for file object when it is created. D] ACL entry: ACL is a set of ACL entries. An ACL entry contains a type (see Table B.1 on the following page), a qualifier for the user or group to which the entry refers, and a set of permissions There are 3 basic sets associated with linux file object. These sets are used to grant permissions read(r), write(w), execute(x) for 3 user groups, file owner others. We can also set group id, user set id for special cases. Access control list (ACL) allow the assignment of permissions to individual users or groups even if these do not correspond to the owner or the owning group [6] There are mainly two categories of ACL namely minimum ACL extended ACL. Minimum ACL only consists of entries for owning group, owner other which are associated with conventional permission bits for files directories. Extended ACL has mask entry entries for named group named user types. ADD NFS, VFS. Linux virtual file system: Figure 5: Virtual file system Figure 6: Linux virtual file system concept [1] In linux file management is done with the help of Virtual file system (VFS).T o user process it appears as a single, uniform file system interface.VFS treats files as a objects stored in mass storage area. Files can be identified by their symbolic names. A file has a attribute such as access protection, ownership etc. A mapping is required by file system to map real file system characteristics into Virtual file system characteristics. User process issues a file system call using VFS.VFS converts this call into kernel file system call which is then passed to mapping function for particular file system. Sometimes mapping function may result into complex operations. In many cases directories are not files, VFS may need to convert file corresponding to some directories. The original user file system call is translated into native call to the target file system. The requested function on a file or directory is performed by invoked file system software. The results of the operation are routed back to the user in a similar manner. As VFS is object oriented they are imlemented as a data structures using C,C++.Object consists of pointers which points to the file system functions.These funtions will operate on data. The four objects are Superblock object: Represents a specific mounted file system Inode object: Represents a specific file Dentry object: Represents a specific directory entry File object: Represents an open file associated with a process Third Extended (EXT3) File System: Journaling: EXT3 is third extended file system. It is journaling extension to EXT2.It is 100% compatible with all utilities designed for ext2 file system.Ext3 shares ext2s well-known robustness, but also adds extra features such as extended attributes, H tree.[7] The journaling approach used in EXT3 will greatly reduce the time spent for recovering file system after system crash. This will help to minimize system restart time file system inconsistencies after unclean shutdown. After rebooting a system mount program first checks the Journal. If it finds ay unchecked changes, it applies the changes to the file system. Thus we can say mount program provides consistency to the system. The mount program takes care of all the consistency the system doesnt need to check the consistency hence the computers using journaling are available within short duration after reboot.[8]. Ext3 allocated area called as journal in which it records the changes made to files directories ahead of time. If the system is crashed the recovery simply involves reading the journal from file system replaying the changes. [9] Journaling modes in EXT3 : The classification is made based on the fact that whether journaling makes log changes only to metadata or to all file system. There are three journaling modes Journal: It will record both metadata file system data changes. In this mode there is lowest chance of risk. This journaling mode minimizes the chance of losing the changes that have been made to any file in an ext3 file system. [10]It is the slowest mode. The risk associated with it is lowest. Ordered: It will record the metadata but not the file contents. It is the default ext3 journaling mode. In this mode there is possibility that one may end up with the file in the intermediate stage. The risk associated with this mode is at medium level. Writeback: In this mode only metadata is journaled file contents are not[11]. It allows showing up old data into the file after a crash. It ensures that on reboot all garbage due to unwritten data be zeroed out. Major Advantages of ext3: Data Integrity: If there is any unclean, improper system shutdown ext3 guarantees data integrity. We can set the level of protection. It prevents the writing of garbage data to the disk after a crash. Generally we keep the data consistent with state of file system.[10] Availability: The amount of time system will take to check the consistency after unclean shutdown depends on the size of file system. Larger the file system larger the time. Ext3 will not require such consistency check .recovery time in ext3 does not depend on the file system size or the number of files. It depends on size of journal. So there is faster availability. It only takes few seconds to recover Easy Transition: we can easily make transformation from ext2 to ext3 without reformatting. We can add journal to ext2 with the help of tune2fs program. Speed: though ext3 writes data more than once its faster than ext2. This is because journaling increases speed of head motion of hard drive. Because of its broad cross-platform compatibility it can be used on both 32 bit 64 bit architecture. As there is no need of any core kernel changes ext3 requires no new system calls.

Race and Representation in Congress Essay -- Politics Political Scienc

Race and Representation in Congress The topic of race, redistricting, and minority representation in Congress has emerged as one of the most salient issues in contemporary political thought. The creation of so‑called majority minority districts has been attacked as unfair and racially polarizing by some observers and ultimately struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The study of race in relation to American politics and institutions, and, in particular, to the institution of Congress, has produced a wealth of research and literature in recent years. This scope of budding research ranges from legislative activity and Congressional voting to the electoral process and campaigning. This study examines the effects of race in Congressional elections and campaigning, and will be primarily focused on constituent relationships with members of the House of Representatives. Through this research, a better understanding of the differences in constituent relationships and engagement between African American Ho use members and their Caucasian colleagues will be reached. Based on the current literature and prevailing scholarly attitudes, one could likely conclude that African American Congress members, on the whole, develop closer and more personal relationships with their constituents than do white representatives. This basis for this research requires further explanation. The rationale for excluding Senators from this study and for narrowing the focus exclusively to black House members reflects the difference in representation between House members and Senators. By studying House districts comprised of a smaller electorate, one can draw important conclusions about the constituency characteristics and the subsequent... ...y Weekly Report. 51.3 (Jan. 16 1993): 75 Seifman, David. â€Å"Dems Concede Engel’s Right on the Button.† The New York Post. 17 June 2000. Sherman, Mark. â€Å"Georgia Campaign ’96.† The Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 22 Sept 1996: 4D. Singh, Robert. The Congressional Black Caucus. London: SAGE Publications, 1998. Spaid, Elizabeth Levit. â€Å"Georgia Judges Overrule Black District.† Christian Science Monitor. 88.15 (Dec 15 1995): 4. Swain, Carol M. Black Faces, Black Interests. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993. â€Å"Weller spurs GOP’s Spanish-language education.† Morris Daily Herald Online. 5 June 2003. 24 Nov. 2003. Whitby, Kenny. The Color of Representation. University of Michigan, 1997. Race and Representation in Congress Essay -- Politics Political Scienc Race and Representation in Congress The topic of race, redistricting, and minority representation in Congress has emerged as one of the most salient issues in contemporary political thought. The creation of so‑called majority minority districts has been attacked as unfair and racially polarizing by some observers and ultimately struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The study of race in relation to American politics and institutions, and, in particular, to the institution of Congress, has produced a wealth of research and literature in recent years. This scope of budding research ranges from legislative activity and Congressional voting to the electoral process and campaigning. This study examines the effects of race in Congressional elections and campaigning, and will be primarily focused on constituent relationships with members of the House of Representatives. Through this research, a better understanding of the differences in constituent relationships and engagement between African American Ho use members and their Caucasian colleagues will be reached. Based on the current literature and prevailing scholarly attitudes, one could likely conclude that African American Congress members, on the whole, develop closer and more personal relationships with their constituents than do white representatives. This basis for this research requires further explanation. The rationale for excluding Senators from this study and for narrowing the focus exclusively to black House members reflects the difference in representation between House members and Senators. By studying House districts comprised of a smaller electorate, one can draw important conclusions about the constituency characteristics and the subsequent... ...y Weekly Report. 51.3 (Jan. 16 1993): 75 Seifman, David. â€Å"Dems Concede Engel’s Right on the Button.† The New York Post. 17 June 2000. Sherman, Mark. â€Å"Georgia Campaign ’96.† The Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 22 Sept 1996: 4D. Singh, Robert. The Congressional Black Caucus. London: SAGE Publications, 1998. Spaid, Elizabeth Levit. â€Å"Georgia Judges Overrule Black District.† Christian Science Monitor. 88.15 (Dec 15 1995): 4. Swain, Carol M. Black Faces, Black Interests. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993. â€Å"Weller spurs GOP’s Spanish-language education.† Morris Daily Herald Online. 5 June 2003. 24 Nov. 2003. Whitby, Kenny. The Color of Representation. University of Michigan, 1997.

The Common Problem of Absenteeism in the Field of Education Essay

The Common Problem of Absenteeism in the Field of Education Absenteeism is a common problem encountered by teachers and others who work in the field of education. There are many reasons why some children fall into a pattern of repeated absence from school. In a number of cases, willful absence can be traced to an alienation from schooling due to poor achievement, family circumstances or behavioral causes. In some cases, parents or children simply defy the requirement to participate. This area is one in which the need for partnership between school and family is greatest. While many schools provide successful alternative programs or absenteeism intervention strategies, there will be cases where, despite the best efforts of schools and parents, the children stay away. It is clear that any unauthorized absence is of concern because of the valuable educational time which is lost and because the absence of some children is associated with inappropriate behavior in the community. Different types of absenteeism will be discussed during this essay bu t the main focus will be directed at truancy in which the causes and remedies will be evaluated. The different types of absenteeism is truancy, exclusion, school closure, school phobia or other absences due to illness or bad behavior (teachers sending pupils out of class due to poor behavior). Although children who are sent outside the class are not entirely absent from the school, this can be identified as absence as they are not participating in class. It seems that none of the various Education Acts defines truancy and nor is this lack supplied the case laws. Nor indeed have the various researchers agreed a definition. Must every child who is absent from school for whatever be cla... ...that all of them are valid. Remedies that involve the parents seem to be extremely effective as the parent?s awareness can surely play a big part in combating the problem as usually a lot of parents are unaware of their children?s school life. It is also obvious that if the school improves the atmosphere and teaching methods than the pupils are more likely to want to go to school. A good teacher ? pupil relationship is also important and can ensure better school attendance Truancy is the first sign of trouble and the first indicator that a young person is giving up and losing his or her way. When pupils start skipping school than they are telling their parent?s, school officials and the community at large that they are in trouble and need help if they are to move forward in life. Bibliography: Tyerman, Maurice J. Truancy. U of Chicago Press, 1984.

Abraham & Isaac Essay

In this classical piece of art, there is a connection with the biblical story of Abraham abiding to God’s command. Abraham is commanded to sacrifice his one and only son. â€Å"Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt-offering on one of the mountains that I shall show you.† (Genesis 22:1-2) And so the picture depicts the last moments of Abraham and his son, where Abraham is about to make the greatest sacrifice; therefore, God sends down an Angel to stop him and bless him afterwards for showing great faith. â€Å"Because you have done this, and have not withheld your son, your only son, I will indeed bless you, and I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore†¦ said the Lord† (Genesis 22:15) See more: Recruitment and selection process essay By analyzing the painting, we can distinguish the characters and determine the setting, harmonizing with the story of Abraham sacrificing Isaac. First, there are three important characters in the painting that are drawn in great detail. The first character we can identify is Abraham who is in the center of the picture, where all the action is happening. We can tell that Abraham is the one who is holding the knife in his dominant hand ready to make sacrifice, with Isaac on the table. The main character Abraham, is wearing bright colors of red and purple, known to be royal colors and revered. Abraham is also clothed fully from top to bottom showing little skin. The Angel in the background is wearing a bright white garment clothed from top to bottom. We can tell that the Angel is advising Abraham because Abraham’s attention is towards this Angel. We know this is an angel who came down from heaven because of the white wings on its back and how it is levitating from the ground. And know that Isaac is on the table because of how young he looks and little he is clothed. I also identified how innocent they are by observing the skin tone in each character. Abraham is the darkest because of his life experience and coming of old age, the Angel has a mild tone after Abraham, and then there is Isaac who is palest of them all. I also interpreted their level of maturity by the color of their hair. Abraham being the oldest having white hair, the Angel having mild brown hair, and Isaac being the youngest with healthy dark, black hair. Looking at the position of the characters we can also depict the hierarchy levels in each character. Angel remains on the highest ground, then Abraham, and then Isaac. I find it particularly interesting to find the lamb being on higher grounds than Isaac, this could be to show the importance of this animal that is chosen to be sacrificed for God. Before Abraham is to make his sacrifice, he kneels before the wooden altar staying close to his son. We can pick up senses that the father has a loving relationship for his son. There are also emotions in these characters. Abraham exhibits sadness and worry in his facial expression. Isaac has a helpless, sad expression, where he knows his end will come by his own father’s hands. What I find amusing the most is that in this painting, Isaac may have knew he was going to be the sacrificial lamb. I believe Isaac knew from the point when he asked his father where the lamb for burnt-offering was. I conclude that he knew of this because the way he is tied up. Isaac is not tied up by the feet, nor is his hands tied to the table. If Isaac really wanted to run away he could’ve easily done so. Instead Isaac accepted the fact that he was going to be sacrificed and so he did not struggle. Next, the scenery helps us identify the setting of the biblical account on Abraham sacrificing Isaac. The picture background clearly identifies that the sacrificing takes place in a mountain. In the background there is large land below their elevation noting how high this is taking place. With the details in the picture we can tell that the setting took place in a dark shady area. This picture also exhibits the time of season, around the time of fall because there are missing leaves on the branches. On the right bottom corner there is moss growing on rocks, and moss only grows in moist and shady areas. With the details of the moss and dark colors we can get a sense of dark atmosphere of something is not right in the picture. The location of the sun and the angle of the shadow on the land below do not correspond with each other. The area where it’s brightest above the Angel’s finger can actually represent God or the Heavens above. The sun should be more towards our left in front of the characters where the light shines on the tree and the characters. Also the branches and the angle of this painting show that it is pointing to the West. I can only conclude that the reason to pointing to the West has to do something with the sun rising in the West and setting in the East. Even the Angel and the lamb are looking to the West while Abraham and Isaac is the only one in the picture looking to the East. In conclusion, I can speculate from the details in the painting that it interprets the biblical text of the Lord testing Abraham to sacrifice his own son. This painting exhibits a theme of fear. Abraham fears the Lord and so he chooses to pursue God’s command by free will. Isaac displays fear in his facial expression but does not struggle for his life.

Love in the Western World

This paper al angiotensin converting enzymeow trace in general the polar views on hurt a go at it as convey by the different discourseers in Platos Symposium and explore in detail the theories of concupiscence, Philia, Storge and agape and the bearing it has on the nonions of erotic duplicity with, filial adore, sacrificial make out and unearthly de atomic number 18st. an otherwise(prenominal) atomic number 18a that will be bony into focus is the theory of Platonic applaud based on Platos hypothesis. The scope of the symposium is a get- together of the students of Socrates who get to talking and limit to take turns and speak in adulation of concupiscence, the god of bonk.Of the speakers Phaedrus speaks starting time and talks slightly the virtuosity Eros promotes in those who experience get it on. He talks slightly the awareness that veritable turn in brush off inspire in hu cosmoss so that creation becomes certified of the portentous qualities of h onor, loyalty, courage and fidelity. Pausanius is the next to speak and dwells on the different winsomes of acknowledge, from the common shopworn revere to the higher, spiritual assortment of whop. The stark(a) lamb is not as noble as the intellectual slam which is much faithful and elevates the mind and is achievely poverty-stricken of desire.According to him the pursuit of higher noesis and intuition is the more(prenominal) honorable and the wantonness of physiologic kip down is shameful. Eryximachus talks nearly the concept of sizable venerate that helps man to be judicious and methodical. Eryximachus is a renovate and philosopher and talks about love beyond relationships, about intellectualism, the love of ideas, concepts and the fine humanistic discipline like music. He speaks of the advantages love brings to humans, the more or slight important organism the ability to recognise in the midst of honor and dishonor.He believes that thither are opposing kinds of loves in individually living being including animals and plants. However, unbowed up love is achieved through a synthesis of these opposing elements and that it can be the fountain and theme of power, friendship and happiness (Platos Symposium). Aristophanes, the fool and humorist came up with the concept of love as man in lookup of his soul mate and partner in order to facial expression champion complete whole. He talks about man being split into half by Zeus for threatening to over ladder the Gods.Later Zeus modified his horrible act and allowed the 2 halves to marry as man and woman. It is said that ever since the two halves leave been in search of the other. Socrates himself speaks concluding of all and talks of love as being the human desire for knowledge, wisdom and spectator. Love is the desire for what is lovely and whitethorn not necessarily mean beauty in itself. According to Socrates love is the guileless interface between what he desires and t he heading of his desire. When man has achieved real love he will be able to break beauty, conceptualize perfection and become keen and virtuous.In Hellenic mythology Eros is 1 of the three oldest Gods along with Cronos and Chaos and stands for love. The give voice erotic is derived from the God of love, Eros, who encourages and endorses all those who anticipate him to per corpse acts of virtue and merit. As has been mentioned before, all those present at the party or symposium have laid down their postulates and have spoken about different kinds of love and what it does for man. To further explore the concept of the mixed kinds of love let us postulate the broad definition of these categories agape love, Storge, Philia and Eros. open stands for spiritual love, the kind of love God has for his creatures and the love man strives to return. This kind of love transcends tangible boundaries and is a higher form of love which captures fulfillment in just being there. It kindl es spirituality and is perfection itself. Nothing can tarnish this kind of love and to around mortals seems almost impossible to attain. We can find examples of this kind of love in Christianity. In literature, I have found this kind of love being depicted in certain kinds of love lyrics that belong to the spiritual rebirth age.In Petrarchs poetry for instance, the poets object of desire, the enigmatic Laura, is continually shown as someone unr from individually one(prenominal)able. Lauras eyes are compared to stars her face is oft described as being so radiant as to make looking at her impossible. This tomography practically ties up with how the apprehension of God is described in Christianity. Here, the conflict between Eros and agape love is continually present. The poet practically feels helplessly tied between the demands of the earthier, natural Eros and the spiritual, the allegedly purer kind of Agape (Houston).Storge is synonymous with love that engenders feed and purity. This is the kind of love parents feel for their children. This kind of love does not wait for reciprocity to invoke and is there notwithstanding. The story of Abraham and Isaac is an interesting scriptural instance of these two kinds of love where Storge is compelled to be collapsed for the greater Agape. In order to seek the full consequence of his Agape, his total cultism to God, Abraham is asked to sacrifice the thing he loves most. This happens to be Abrahams son Isaac, the individual for who he feels the greatest Storge.In the biblical context, Agape is undeniably higher than Storge. Abraham is then first made to prove the full extent of his Agape before God relents and lets him hold off the object of his Storge. Other instances of pronounced Storge in literature include the love Cordelia feels for her father, mightiness Lear in Shakespeares play. In this grammatical case however the Storge is made to complete its sacrifice in a whizz because twain the king s belove missy and the king himself die in the end. Philia, or brotherly love, exists between friends, brothers and neighbors.This kind of love helps people to bond closely without being passionate or amorous. This kind of love prompts the feeling of camaraderie and brotherhood. A good example at hand would be the kind of love soldiers have amongst each other, where they bond intimately and appropriate their joys and sorrows together without a hint of whatever physiologic attraction or manifestations. In Greek history, I have noticed the love depicted in the story of Damon and Pythias to be of this form. In the legend Damon and Pythias both pass away Dionysus wrath because of their intense love for each other. just now in another story from the bible, the ending is not nearly as fortunate. Cain and Abel, sons of Adam and Eve, at first loved each other in the truest sense of Philia. However, with the preference God showed for Abels sacrifice of animals over Cains agricultural o fferings, Cains love turns to intense jealousy and he ends up killing Abel. This is possibly the scoop known example of Philia getting overturned. Eros is passionate love, which can in most cases be closely linked to physical attraction and sexual love.Eros is often closely associated with the animal commonwealth and thusly classically numerateed to be a raze form. Eros can often fill out with Agape as we have seen earlier. And a popular example of this is in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. The love that the two young nobles feel for each other is no interrogative sentence arising from a certain attraction, or Eros. And further the manner in which they express their love for each other in a language that is similar to that of Agape. Romeo and Juliet address each other in abject terms, qualification it a love not of equals just now of one subservient to the other.This of course is one of the most common features of Agape. Although classically Eros is considered to be a take down form than Agape, as we have seen discussed in the Symposium, I personally feel this is not still fair. It is true that people often consider it nobler to love a person without lacking(p) to possess him or her in a physical or earthly way. By implication this means that a person loves someone for more than their physicality, that is to say a love founded on something deeper than superficial beauty. This is true in theory, but not incessantly in practice.We often find that the Agape is more often than not say towards someone of higher social standing, or towards a woman who is unreachable, like a noblewoman or even the queen. This amounts to energy short of sycophancy sometimes. Is it then less hypocritical than loving someone for their mien? Eros is to a fault equated with the animal kingdom and is therefore considered lower. But why should something, that takes backside in the natural world, be considered lower? If animals love each other erotically, does it not make i t a more natural, or even a higher love?After all this kind of love is based on the truth of the boles responses to the beloved if someone is beautiful and attractive physically, why should it be injure to feel attraction or love for this person? Even if it is based entirely on appearances, Eros is more genuine. thither is no verbal intrusion that allows lovers to lie to each other or praise each other in yap terms. Philia too I think is often under-rated in the present generation. Friends can often feel a lot of love between them without it being the Erotic or even the Agape type of love.We have been brainwashed by popular movies and books into forever and a day expecting friendships to turn into love as that fits in with the perfect happy ending of the plot. But why should this be? Why is simple, platonic love that expects nothing physical or romanticistic in return be less of a love than any other kind? After all, is it not nobler for two friends to love each other in spite of the fact that they have nothing physical or romantic to gain from each other? Storge also is often under-appreciated in popular culture.Love that exists within families has become such a rare instance in the eld of divorce and estrangement that perhaps more of art needs to depict it now, more than ever. People seem to forget that our families are what we are born into. We carry our parents genes and share them with our siblings and nothing or no one else can ever change that. It is true that we are often unfortunate in this regard and there are legion(predicate) children brought into this world in an unloving family, but even so the love that exists between members of the family is something that precedes life itself.Just to think about what a pregnant mother endures for nightclub months and so many years chase the birth, is enough to prove the argument. In conclusion, I think it is fruitless to spend hours debating on which form of love is higher than the others because eac h kind of love, whether borne out of devotion, lust, filial ties or friendship, is a distinct kind of love. A sort of love that is unique to itself and therefore deserving of special attention. Instead of seek to compare them it is perhaps best to be grateful to know that they all exist.